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Taking Medicines Safely as You Age

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Medicines are intended to help us live longer and healthier, but taking medicines the wrong way or mixing certain drugs and supplements can be dangerous. Older adults often have multiple medical conditions and may take many medicines, which puts them at additional risk for negative side effects. Read on to learn how to safely take and keep track of all your medicines.

What are medicines?

Medicines, often referred to as drugs, are used to prevent or treat diseases and other health conditions. Medicines can be obtained by a prescription or over the counter (OTC). Prescription drugs are medicines that you can get only with a doctor’s order; for example, pills to lower your cholesterol or an asthma inhaler. OTC medications can be purchased without a prescription; for example, aspirin or lubricating eye drops.

older woman at a pharmacy with a pharmacist

Dietary supplements are not considered drugs because they are not intended to prevent or treat diseases. Rather, these products are intended to maintain or improve health, and they may help you meet your daily requirements for essential vitamins and minerals. For example, calcium and vitamin D can help build strong bones. Learn more about taking supplements safely in the NIA article, Dietary Supplements for Older Adults.

It can be dangerous to combine certain prescription drugs, OTC medicines, dietary supplements, or other remedies. For example, you should not take aspirin if you take warfarin for heart problems. To avoid potentially serious health issues, talk to your doctor about all medicines you take, including those prescribed by other doctors, and any OTC drugs, vitamins, supplements, and herbal remedies. Mention everything, even ones you use infrequently.

Starting a new medicine

Talk with your health care provider before starting any new prescription, OTC medicine, or supplement, and ensure that your provider knows everything else you are taking. Discuss any allergies or problems you have experienced with other medicines. These might include rashes, trouble breathing, indigestion, dizziness, or mood changes. Make sure your doctor and pharmacist have an up-to-date list of your allergies so they don’t give you a medicine that contains something that could cause an allergic reaction.

You will also want to find out whether you’ll need to change or stop taking any of your other prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements while using this new medicine. Mixing a new drug with medicines or supplements you are already taking might cause unpleasant and sometimes serious problems. For example, mixing a drug you take to help you sleep (a sedative) and a drug you take for allergies (an antihistamine) can slow your reactions and make driving a car or operating machinery dangerous.

When starting a new medication, be sure to write down the name of the drug, the dose, and why it’s being prescribed for you. Also, make note of any special instructions for how to take the medicine. For many drugs, this information is included on the bottle or prescription label.

  • Questions to ask your health care provider about a new medicine

    Before you start a new medicine, your doctor or pharmacist can provide important information and answer any questions.

    Ask your doctor:

    • What is the name of the medicine and why am I taking it?
    • Is there a less expensive alternative?
    • What medical condition does this medicine treat?
    • When should I expect the medicine to start working? How will I know if it’s working?
    • What type of side effects might I expect, if any? What should I do if I experience serious side effects?
    • Will this drug cause problems if I am taking other prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements?
    • What should I do if I want to stop taking this medicine? Is it safe to stop abruptly?
    • Will I need a refill? If so, will I need a follow-up appointment or other testing before I can refill the medication?

    Ask your pharmacist:

    • Is it safe for me to drive while taking this medication?
    • Should I take the medicine with food or not? Is there anything I should not eat or drink when taking this medicine?
    • How much medicine should I take?
    • How many times a day should I take it? At what time(s)? If the bottle says take “four times a day,” does that mean four times in 24 hours or four times when I am awake?
    • What does “as needed” mean?
    • If I forget to take my medicine, what should I do?

    Each time you visit one of your health care providers, tell them about any new prescription drugs, OTC medicines, and supplements you’re taking and be sure to ask if you still need to be on all your medications.

    Find more resources for communicating with your health care team about medications.

Filling your prescription

When you get your prescriptions filled, the pharmacist can answer many of your questions about prescription drugs, OTC medicines, and supplements. Try to have all your prescriptions filled at the same pharmacy so your records are in one place. This will help alert the pharmacist if a new drug might cause a problem with something else you’re taking. If you’re unable to use just one pharmacy, share your list of medicines and supplements with the pharmacist at each location when you drop off your prescription.

When you have a prescription filled:

  • Ask your pharmacist if there is a patient profile you can fill out, so the pharmacy is aware of all drugs and OTC medications, vitamins, and supplements you take.
  • Tell the pharmacist if you have trouble swallowing pills. There may be liquid medicine available. Do not chew, break, or crush tablets without first asking if this will change the way the drug works.
  • Make sure you can read and understand the name of the medicine as well as the directions on the container and on the color-coded warning stickers on the bottle. If the label is hard to read, ask your pharmacist to use larger type.
  • Read all the information about your medication carefully. Many prescription medicines come with paper handouts, called medication guides, that contain information to help patients avoid serious side effects.
  • Check that you can open the container. If not, ask the pharmacist to put your medicines in bottles that are easier to open.
  • Ask about special instructions on where to store a medicine. For example, should it be kept in the refrigerator or in another climate-controlled place?
  • Check the label on your medicine before leaving the pharmacy. It should have your name on it and the directions provided by your doctor. If it doesn’t, don’t take it, and talk with the pharmacist.

The image below points out information typically present on a prescription label. Please note that your prescription label may have a different format than the one shown. The prescription number is usually printed in the upper left corner of the label.

prescription label with boxes identifying the different sections of the label.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about the written information that comes with your prescription.

  • Medications and traveling

    When you travel, your health care provider may recommend that you adjust your medicine schedule to account for changes in time zones, routine, and diet. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about these changes before you depart. Carry a list of all the prescription drugs, OTC medicines, and supplements you take and the phone numbers of your doctors and pharmacists. When flying, carry your medicines with you; do not pack them in your checked luggage. Take enough medication with you in case you need to stay longer. Always keep medicines out of heat and direct sunlight both at home and when traveling.

Medication side effects

Unwanted or unexpected symptoms or feelings that occur when you take medicine are called side effects. Side effects can be relatively minor, such as a headache or a dry mouth. They can also be life-threatening, such as severe bleeding or damage to the liver or kidneys. The side effects of some medications can also affect your driving.

Some side effects may appear when you start taking a medicine but get better with time. Others occur once in a while. But some side effects may be ongoing while you’re on the medication. If you have uncomfortable side effects, don’t stop taking your medicine before you talk with a health care provider. Write them down so you can report them to your doctor or pharmacist accurately. Call your doctor right away if you have any problems with your medicines or if you are worried that the medicine might be doing more harm than good. Your health care provider may be able to prescribe a different medicine or help you deal with side effects in other ways.

  • Generic or brand name: What’s the difference?

    A generic drug is a medication created to work the same way and have the same effects as an already marketed brand-name drug. Generic drugs and their brand-name equivalents contain the same active ingredients, which are the parts of the medicine that make it work. A generic drug is just as safe, and is of equal strength and quality, as a brand-name drug. You take a generic drug the same way as a brand-name drug. Generic drugs are usually less expensive than their brand-name counterparts, and they are more likely to be covered by health insurance.

Keeping track of your medicines

Many older people take multiple medications, and it can be challenging to keep track of everything. Here are some tips that can help:

  • Make a list. Write down all medicines you take, including OTC drugs. Also include any vitamins or dietary supplements. The list should include the name of each medicine or supplement, the amount you take, and time(s) you take it. If it’s a prescription drug, also note the doctor who prescribed it and the reason it was prescribed. Show the list to all your health care providers, including physical therapists and dentists. Keep one copy in a safe place at home and one in your wallet or purse.
  • Get familiar with your medicines. If you take more than one medicine, make sure you can tell them apart by size, shape, color, or the number imprinted on the pill.
  • Create a file. Save all the written information that comes with your medicines and keep it somewhere you can easily refer to it. Keep these guides for as long as you’re taking the medication.
  • Check expiration dates on bottles. Don’t take medicines that are past their expiration date. Your doctor can tell you if you need a refill.
  • Secure your medicines. Keep your medicines out of the reach of children and pets. If you take any prescription pain medicines (for example, morphine, other opioids, or codeine), keep them in a locked cabinet or drawer. If your medicines are kept in bottles without safety caps because those are hard for you to open, be extra careful about where you store them.
  • Dispose of your medicines safely. Check the expiration dates on your medication bottles and discard any unused or expired medicines as soon as possible. Timely disposal of medicines can reduce the risk of others taking them accidentally or misusing the medications on purpose. Check with your doctor or pharmacist about how to safely discard expired or unneeded medications, or review the FDA’s guidance on Where and How To Dispose of Unused Medicines.

Get more tips for managing your medications.

  • Do I need to take so many medications?

    The use of multiple drugs to treat diseases and other health conditions — called polypharmacy — is a growing concern for older adults. People age 65 and older tend to take more medicines than those in any other age group, often because they have several diseases or other health problems at the same time. Managing multiple medications can be expensive and difficult to track, especially for those who are homebound or who live in rural areas. Check out these tips for taking multiple medications safely.

    Taking many medications can also increase the risk for side effects and other unintended problems. Researchers are studying deprescribing, an approach to safely reduce or stop medications that are potentially inappropriate or unnecessary. Read how NIA supports research on polypharmacy and deprescribing to help ensure older adults take only those medicines they need to help them live full, healthy lives.

    If you are concerned that you might be taking too many medications, have a conversation with your health care provider about whether there are any you could safely reduce or stop.

Taking medicines safely

Here are some tips to help you take your medicines safely:

  • Follow instructions. Read all medicine labels and be sure to follow instructions. Don’t take a larger dose of a medicine, thinking it will help you more. This could be very dangerous and even deadly. And don’t skip or take half doses of a prescription drug to save money.
  • Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes. You can also set timers and write reminders to take your medication. Medication reminder apps for smartphones are becoming more popular; these apps can help you remember when and how to take your medications each day.
  • Turn on a light. Don’t take medicine in the dark; you might make a mistake.
  • Report problems. Call your doctor right away if you have any trouble with your prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements. There may be something else you can take.
  • Tell your doctor about alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs can affect how well your medicines work. Be honest with your doctor about how much you use.
  • Ask your loved ones for help. Take a friend or relative with you to your doctor’s appointments if you think you may need help understanding or remembering what the doctor tells you.
  • Check before stopping. Take prescription medicine until it’s finished, or your doctor says it’s all right to stop. Note that some medicines are supposed to be taken only “as needed.”
  • Don’t share. Do not take medicines prescribed for another person or give yours to someone else.

  • Can I get addicted to pain medicine?

    Anyone can become addicted to prescription pain medicines. Never take more medicine than the doctor prescribes. Read more about opioids and prescription pain medicines in the Pain and Older Adults booklet.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

Why is a medicine I've taken for years no longer working?

As you age, changes in your body can affect how well medicines work. For example, the body may become less able to absorb the medicine. Older adults often have multiple medical conditions or take several medications at the same time, which can also affect how medicines work. And as an illness worsens, the medicines used to treat it might not be as effective as they once were. Talk to your doctor if you think your medicine is not working as well as it should be.

Why do I need to pay attention to the active ingredients in my medications?

Learn which active ingredients are in the prescription drugs, OTC medicines, and supplements you take so that you don’t take more than one that contains the same active ingredient. For example, if your cough syrup contains acetaminophen, don’t take it at the same time as a pain reliever that also contains that ingredient. Taking more than one medication or supplement with the same active ingredient could damage your liver or lead to other serious health problems.

What do the abbreviations in my prescription mean?

Doctors and pharmacists often use abbreviations or terms that may not be familiar to you. Here is an explanation of some of the most common abbreviations you will see on labels of your prescription medications:

  • Rx means “prescription”
  • prn means “as needed”
  • qd means “every day,” bid means “twice a day,” tid means “three times a day,” qid means “four times a day”
  • ac means “before meals,” pc means “after meals”
  • hs means “at bedtime”
  • po means “by mouth”
  • ea means “each”

Ask your pharmacist to explain any terms or abbreviations on your prescription medication label that you don’t understand.

What does it mean to take medicines on an empty stomach?

Some medications need to be taken when your stomach is empty because food or drink can affect how they work. Taking medicines on an empty stomach generally means that you should take your pills at least two hours before you eat or two hours after you eat. However, this is only a rough guideline. Be sure to follow the instructions from your pharmacist about exactly when to take your medications.

Is it okay to stop taking my medicine if I start to feel better?

No. Even if you are feeling better, you should not stop taking your prescription drug unless your doctor says it’s okay. If you stop taking your medicine before you are supposed to, you may not get its full effect, or your condition could worsen. Some medicines need to be stopped slowly, and others (such as antibiotics) need to be taken until they are gone. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure about when you can stop taking a medication.

Are there ways to save money on medicines?

Medicines can be costly. Even with private health insurance or Medicare, people may have to pay part of the costs for prescription medications themselves. If you have limited resources, help may be available. First, tell your doctor if you’re worried about paying for medications. They may have suggestions or resources to share.

Here are some other ideas that could help:

  • Consider a generic version of the drug. Ask your doctor whether a generic drug or a less expensive brand-name medicine is available.
  • Shop around to find the best prices. You can compare costs from neighborhood pharmacies, mail-order services, and legitimate online pharmacies.
  • Look for discount programs. Savings programs are offered by some retail pharmacies, drug companies, and nonprofit organizations. Some states also have drug assistance programs. Medicare.gov offers a searchable list of pharmaceutical assistance programs for specific drugs.
  • Learn about the Medicare Extra Help Program. People with financial hardship who receive Medicare drug benefits may qualify for this program to help cover medication costs.
Is it safe to order prescription medicines online?

Be careful if you’re thinking about buying prescription medications online to save money. Medicines from a fake online pharmacy can be ineffective, unsafe, or even dangerous. It’s important to order from a website that’s safe: Many are not, and it can be hard to determine which ones are reliable. Make sure that an online pharmacy requires a valid prescription, is licensed in your state, and has a pharmacist available to answer questions.

For more information about finding a legitimate online pharmacy, visit BeSafeRx from the FDA.


 

You may also be interested in

For more information about using medicines safely

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
800-633-4227
877-486-2048 (TTY)
www.cms.gov
www.medicare.gov

Eldercare Locator
800-677-1116
eldercarelocator@USAging.org
https://eldercare.acl.gov

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
888-644-6226
866-464-3615 (TTY)
info@nccih.nih.gov
www.nccih.nih.gov

U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Information for Consumers and Patients
855-543-3784
www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-you-drugs/information-consumers-and-patients-drugs

This content is provided by the NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA). NIA scientists and other experts review this content to ensure it is accurate and up to date.

Content reviewed: September 22, 2022

nia.nih.gov

An official website of the National Institutes of Health